When Twitter tells me I have new followers, I can see their name and self-description before I can see their location (if they've given any). So I play a little game of 'guess which country they're from' before I click through to see it. I seem to be good at picking out the Americans (or at least North Americans--the Canada/US distinction is hard to make here--sorry Canadians), based on the style of the name and self-description. To be fair, I'm probably guided by the photos too. (Pick out the Americans at the airport is another fun and not-too-difficult game. There, you can see the red maple leaf patches on all the Canadians' bags, which save them from the lumping-together.) But I'm a linguist, so I like to think it's the language I'm sensitive to.
(A postscript on 27 Oct 2014: In the comments, Dorothy Bishop reminds me of a post she did three years ago that was in the back of my head when I started this, but I failed to find it in my preliminary search. I didn't want to take the chance of you missing that if you don't read the comments. So, if you like this post, you'll love this one.)
Because I probably should have been doing something else, I decided to try to test 'what marks an American (versus British) Twitter profile'. Here's my method:
(A postscript on 27 Oct 2014: In the comments, Dorothy Bishop reminds me of a post she did three years ago that was in the back of my head when I started this, but I failed to find it in my preliminary search. I didn't want to take the chance of you missing that if you don't read the comments. So, if you like this post, you'll love this one.)
Because I probably should have been doing something else, I decided to try to test 'what marks an American (versus British) Twitter profile'. Here's my method:
- I worked backwards from recent followers using the 'Who Unfollowed Me' (Pro) list of followers whom I don't follow back. I used this because it does the opposite of Twitter: it shows me the location, and I have to click through for the description.
- For each follower who (a) was a person, not a company, and (b) unambiguously listed their location as being in the US or UK, I recorded:
- country: I only included people whose locations were unambiguous, so no London-Islamabad-Hong Kong multiple locations and no indications of internationality in the descriptor, such as An American in London
- gender: by name/photo/description (female, male, unknown/other)
- Twitter handle: does it reflect their name? Three possible values:
- Yes/name: the handle is some version of their name or their name + numbers, e.g. @lynne_murphy, @LynneM34, @Lynney, etc.
- Mixed: part name/part descriptor, e.g. @LynneLinguist, @LynneEdits, @LordLynne, @CrankyLynne
- Not name: e.g. @poltroonish, @LinguistYay, @subjunctiverobot
- Number of self-descriptors: this is the tricky one. Basically, I counted nouns or verbs that constituted separate descriptions of the person, so:
- Writer, teacher, blogger, linguist, parent, feminist, Scrabble player: counts as 7.
- Loves cooking, dreaming, whittling, singing: counts as 4.
- Teacher of ESL, EFL and Intercultural Communication counts as 1--the main identity is 'teacher'.
- Dreams are sometimes songs: counts as 0, since if it's label(l)ing the person, it's very indirect.
- An empty description also counts as 0, but I had a separate sub-category in which I distinguished the content-ful and content-less zero scores.
- Caveats: I also kept track of who said things like "RTs are not endorsements" or "All views are my own", but there were some in each nationality and not enough of these to warrant further analysis.
- I did this for two notebook pages for each nationality, which totals 64 from each country. More would have been better, but I can only justify a certain amount of procrastination per day.
- Then I did some math(s).
A big caveat here is that I'm only sampling my own followers, which is to say it's probably people with an interest in language or US/UK issues, possibly a bit older and educated than average. So this might not be generali{s/z}able to US/UK Twitter users generally. The other caveat, of course, is that I'm equating location with culture. For all I know, half of the people who listed their location as 'London' are exchange students who aren't mentioning that they're from Iceland. But I'm working with what I've got, and we can only hope that the rate of 'false positives' in one country's data is matched in the other country's data.
All examples in this post are made up, mimicking profiles I read. I don't want people to feel like I'm giving any individuals a hard time. Or to [orig. AmE] out them to their friends and family as someone who follows me. If it so happens that I've made up a handle or a profile that actually exists, that's accidental.
So this is what I found:
Gender
Overall the sample had more women than men, which is to be expected because 62% of Twitter users are female (according to one study). (For this sample it's 56% female. The table below has raw numbers.) The gender breakdown was similar across nationalities, so whatever we see here is more likely to be a national effect rather than a gender effect.
| gender | |||||
| F | M | O | |||
| US | 37 | 26 | 1 | ||
| UK | 34 | 25 | 5 | ||
| Total | 71 | 51 | 6 | ||
Handle = name?
I was interested in the name versus pseudonym issue because, as we've seen before, Americans introduce themselves by name earlier in conversation than Brits do. So, I wondered, are the British more careful about giving out names on Twitter? The caveat for this result is that I have no way of knowing whether the handles people use are their real names. If someone's name was presented as 'Gemma Thornton-Baker' and her handle is @gemmatbkr, then the fact that the handle matched the name meant that I counted this as a name, rather than a pseudonym. If their name was presented as 'Hunky Cloud' or their handle was @rottenweather, then I took it for granted that their name wasn't really Rotten Weather.
But after all this preamble, I'm not even going to bother to put together an HTML table of results because the numbers were exactly the same for US and UK. So, hypothesis that Brits would be less apt to use their name as a handle was not supported.
Self-descriptions
On to the meat of what I wanted to look at. Remember, I'm not testing word-count of the self-descriptions, but the number of separate descriptions given--a single description may be one or ten words long. So, this isn't about how much one says, but how many different things one says. My hypothesis was that Americans list more different things, divulging more about themselves.
The result favo(u)red the hypothesis, in that Americans listed, on average, 3.58 descriptors and the British 2.78. The range was exactly the same: 0 to 14 descriptors. The US median was 3 and the UK median was 2.
But although the numbers were in the right direction for the hypothesis, they are only significant at p=.100, which means, basically, that there's a 10% likelihood that the difference is down to chance. We'd probably have a better answer if I'd looked at more than 64 people per country. Which is why I'm going to point this out to our students who are currently looking for research projects to do...
Posts
You have a very wide knowledge to know where a person comes from by merely reading their profile descriptions. That's interesting. I'll try that on my Twitter account as well. :)
ReplyDeleteThere’s at least one possible fallacy in your handle conclusion. Eloise isn’t the name on my birth certificate.
ReplyDeleteSorry, you did mention that... no coffee yet with the clocks changing.
ReplyDeleteInteresting observations. I use my real name as my Twitter handle, have 5 descriptors of who I am, and have set Twitter to broadcast my location (Columbus, Ohio USA). Does that make me stereotypically American? :-)
ReplyDeleteFascinating stuff, Lynne. Hope you will move on to the nature of the tweets themselves - and any differences of, for example, tone, style and content?
ReplyDeleteHi, and thanks for an awesome blog! Long-time reader, I think first time poster. I noticed your comment about language <> culture and wanted to point you to a paper I was on about the use of emoticons in Twitter and language vs. cultural boundaries: http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM13/paper/viewFile/6132/6386
ReplyDeleteYour students are lucky: I think there's a rich seam to be mined here. I did something similar a few years ago and found some of my predictions didn't work (people who mention cats seem equally common in US and UK) but earnestness of the profile was a differentiator:
ReplyDeletehttp://deevybee.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/importance-of-not-being-earnest-on.html
@deevybee: I'm sure I've read your post before! It was tickling me in the back of my mind as I read it, but my pre-blogging search didn't find it. Thanks for pointing it out! My mistake was using Google Scholar...
ReplyDeleteI'm so English I can't bring myself to put anything in my Twitter bio.
ReplyDeleteAh Nick, that's not really English.
ReplyDeleteEnglish is self-deprecating!
But I guess that's rather what your comment is....
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletedeevybee - I dunno, I did go to put something on the bio but whatever I thought of writing sounded... wrong. In a braggy, aren't-I-witty kind of way. Or if I went factual, it wouldn't quite capture the whole 'me'. I could go on about working in the UK for a US speech analytics software company (kind of relevant to this thread) but what about my pathetic support for Coventry City, my past as a crime analyst, my family, my work with a youth theatre group? It would just degenerate into a boring list which I would then worry was too 'over-the-top'. And a self-deprecating bio would come across as slightly smug and overly clever (the one I nearly went for was "He's just this guy, you know" which is a quote about Zaphod Beeblebrox). It was just easier to say nowt.
ReplyDeleteIn real life, it seems a lot easier because you can use tone and body language to play things down.
I hope I've illustrated the classic British angst about saying something about yourself!
Apologies for deleting & re-posting comment - I got my Hitch-Hikers quote wrong & needed to correct it. :-\
ReplyDeleteAmerican here (US)! My Twitter handle is my last name backwards. Everyone always thinks it's a word in Klingon!
ReplyDeleteFor what it's worth, I counted backwards names as names. There was at least one.
ReplyDeleteI hardly ever use Twitter, as I found it such a timesink, and was always at least 200 comments behind, and always anxious, so I dropped it. I do occasionally use it for work purposes, though, and have maintained my personal account (@mrsredboots) just in case I ever want it.
ReplyDeleteWith Twitter, one needs the serenity to accept that one can't read everything. Took me a while to get to that point, but I really value how much I get from dipping in (and from broadcasting and getting replies).
ReplyDelete