alongside

A few months ago, an American friend of my spouse asked him to ask me: "Why is everyone suddenly saying alongside?"  I hadn't noticed it at that point, but once he'd mentioned it, I felt surrounded by alongside.

As this Google Books ngram shows, the word has taken off in the 21st century:

Separating out the British and American books, we can see that this is a British-led trend.
Alongside climbed in British usage throughout the 20th century. American English suddenly decided to (orig. AmE) play catch-up in the 21st century.

This trend is observable in other corpora too. The News on the Web corpus, for example, shows more than double the rate of alongside in British news sources versus American ones. 

table shows Approx 50 alongside per million words in US corpus,  120 per million word
alongside by country

And within the US News data, the rise of alongside has sped up since 2020. 

alongside on just American news sites

Among(st) the prepositions, alongside is a relative (orig. AmE) newbie. In the OED, where it's marked as "originally nautical," its first citation is from 1704; its definition: "In a position parallel to; side by side with; close to the side of; next to, beside." So the examples are about boats positioned next to other boats or docks, etc. It seems to have gradually moved onto land, especially in the UK, in the 19th century.

So why have Americans suddenly (orig. AmE) taken a shine to alongside? Why is it more attractive than along or beside or next to? Wondering whether there was a trend toward(s) longer, British prepositions, I tried comparing it to amongst. But the more-BrE amongst seems to have peaked in AmE about 12 years ago:

chart shows a decline in rate of use of amongst: from about 16 per million words in 2014 to about 8 per million words in 2026
amongst on American news websites

In 2013, the online magazine Slate published an article by Ben Yagoda about Americans saying amongst instead of among. Perhaps once people were talking about the "British invasion" of amongst, Americans became more self-conscious about it. If Ben published an article about alongside, could that change its fortunes?

Having had alongside pointed out to me, I'm now self-conscious about using it. But this blog gives us a record of me using it:
  • "BrE has kerb for the edging alongside a road" (curb/kerb, May 2020)
  • "British pigs in blankets are small sausages wrapped in bacon (and cooked!). They are delicious. They're traditionally served alongside turkey as part of Christmas dinner."  (pigs in blankets, Feb 2020)
  • "I've seen a lot of "down with grammar!" messages, often alongside 'learning should be fun!'" (grammar is not the enemy, May 2016)

So, what do you think: do I sound Britified when I say such things, or is alongside completely international now?

***

PS: Searching for commentary about alongside, I found some concern about the use of alongside with. Further (orig. BrE) rooting around in the corpora, though, show that alongside with is a tiny proportion of alongside usages (0.7 per million words in AmE, 0.8 per million words in BrE in the NOW corpus).  

Read more

Are these words misspelled/misspelt most?

The people at WordUnscrambler.pro sent me a list of "the most misspelled (BrE misspelt*) words" for the UK. I get a lot of these "we did this thing so that your blog will give us free advertising," and I usually ignore them, but I'll give this one some attention—partly because they sent a US list to Language Log (who published it), so I can do some comparison. 

But I first have to gripe a bit. Here's the methodology:

            We analyzed Jan 1, 2025 - Dec 17, 2025 search data from Google Trends for "How do you spell" and "How to spell".

That's not a method for discovering the "most misspelled words." That's a method for discovering the most looked-up spellings. This is the kind of (BrE) jiggery-pokery makes me hate headlines.  If you think to look up a word, then you might be insecure or curious about its spelling. But that's keeping you from misspelling it. I'm betting that when they're not looking up spellings like these, those people are out in the world (like the rest of us) are confidently spelling accommodation with one m and letting spellcheck catch it for them (or not).

Nevertheless, the WU.pro folks showed admirable linguistic sensitivity in not declaring the Americanisms on the list "misspelled." Instead, they note repeatedly that both the US and UK variants "are correct". 

United Kingdom's most misspelled words queried spellings:

1.     Colour - 109 200 searches - Both colour and color are correct.

2.     Favourite - 82 900 searches - Both favourite and favorite are correct.

3.     License - 59 000 searches.

4.     Diarrhoea - 58 700 searches - Both diarrhoea and diarrhea are correct.

5.     Jewellery - 56 400 searches.

6.     Definitely - 53 000 searches.

7.     Auntie - 50 400 searches - Both auntie and aunty are correct.

8.     Weird - 48 000 searches.

9.     Business - 46 800 searches.

10.   Behaviour - 40 800 searches - Both behaviour and behavior are correct.

11.   Neighbour - 39 600 searches - Both neighbour and neighbor are correct.

12.   Country - 29 000 searches.

13.   Queue - 22 800 searches.

14.   Gorgeous - 22 600 searches.

15.   Necessary -  23 000 searches.

I've added the blue to show which ones are also on the US top 10, which I've copied at the bottom of this post.† (Not sure why the UK got a top 15 and the US a top 10. Nor why necessary has more searches but is lower on the list than queue.) 

Some of these are definitely difficult—others, like country, surprised me. But let's have a little look at whether people do misspell them, using the Corpus of Global Web-Based English. (I'm using that one even though it's 13 years old now because web-based English is more likely to include misspellings than the published writing in other comparative corpora.) I won't try to cover all of them, just the ones that strike me as transatlantically interesting.

Postscript : On the same day as I wrote this post, another company released its (much better) analysis of British misspellings. See the bottom of this post for more on that. 

US/UK variants

Where there are US/UK variants, it's often the case that the corpus has included American writing and tagged it as GB because it's on a British website (or vice versa). For that reason, I've (in another post) used -or/our spellings as a diagnostic for how reliable the country tagging is in GloWbE. So, it's not necessarily the case that BrE writers are mispelling them. 

-or/-our 

In that vein, the following graph shows that there's probably more AmE writing on UK websites than BrE writing on AmE websites—which is not so surprising, since there are presumably about 5 times more US than UK writers on the internet and text from American wire services and other companies might be reprinted wholesale on UK sites.

variant spellings for favourite, color, and neighbor show the O-R spellings strongly American, but they also account for about 1/5 of the British-tagged spellings
rates of -our versus -or spellings in GloWbE


But the other thing to take from the our/or chart is: Canadian spelling is in crisis. The (standard Canadian) -our spellings only just outnumber the -or ones. Meanwhile, the Canadian Prime Minister recently got into trouble for using British -ise spellings that are not traditionally Canadian. 
 

licence/license

License is a tricky one because it's the correct spelling for BrE, when it is a verb. But it is licence in BrE when it is a noun (in AmE for both).  The first chart here shows a lot of (incorrect for BrE) license as a noun in the GB corpus—but that will, again, be partly due to American writing on British websites, rather than British writers misspelling it. It's hard to know how much each factor contributes.

in the word string 'a license to', there are 275 spellings with s on UK sites, and 450 with the "correct" c

So, more interesting from a misspelling standpoint is licenced, which is incorrect in all Englishes, but about 5% of the UK spellings. License is definitely a word that Britons misspell.

I was surprised not to see practice/practise on the UK misspelling list. You can read more about that at an older post, if you'd like to.


Diarrhea/diarrhoea

This one seems to have little to do with US/UK confusion. Diarrh(o)ea is just difficult and unpleasant for everyone. And personal: everybody's misspelling it their own ways:

(The crossed-out ones are names that happened to be caught on my search for "diarr*a". I don't envy them their diarr-a names.)

jewellery/jewelry

Jewellery is not marked with "jewelry is also correct" in WU.pro's list, but jewelry is the correct spelling in AmE. The AmE/BrE spelling difference is surely adding to the confusion about how to spell it, but the word is just difficult in its own right, with that double L and three-syllable pronunciation (=jewelry). Here's a shortened list of spellings in GloWbE (there are lots more one-off spellings), where the older, now-AmE spelling jewelry appears more than 1/3 of the time on the UK sites, but some definite misspellings make their way in too. 

common misspellings include jewel + e r y , jewel + l ry, and jewel + l a r y

The later jewellery spelling seems to have derived from jeweller + y ('the stuff that the jeweller makes'—analogous to pottery) while jewelry derives from jewel+ry ('products created from jewels'—analogous to pastry, balladry). In 1901, the OED commented (about BrE usage): 

     In commercial use commonly spelt jewellery; the form jewelry is more rhetorical and poetic, and unassociated with the jeweller. But the pronunciation with three syllables is usual even with the former spelling.

So, we might consider jewelry to be AmE and old-fashioned BrE.


Words that are just hard to spell

Weird

It's been my perception that weird is more a problem in UK spelling, and GloWbE bears that out a little bit, with wierd a greater proportion of the UK forms (about 3%) than the US (about 2%):


country

Most people don't seem to have a problem with spelling country, but those who misspell it are not more likely to be British:

queue

The word is much more common in BrE, but hard to spell everywhere. And yet, people seem to mostly get it right. Leaving off the final e sometimes happens, but really not much:


Four queue without final E in British corpus, compared to over 5000 spelt correctly. Around 1600 queue in US corpus, and none of the e-less misspellings.

I'd expected to find the word spelled like its homonyms cue and Q, but there aren't many such misspellings. For the following chart, I searched for queue, queu, que, Q and cue, but none of the queu spellings showed up in the 'in a' phrasing:




The Q spelling might be an abbreviation, rather than a misspelling. But it's striking that the cue homonym is absent from the British entirely. These people know a queue's a queue.


I'm going to leave it there! But feel free to comment on these or the other words on the lists. 


Footnotes

* The fact that misspelled/misspelt has two spellings complicates the old joke: Which word is always misspelled? Misspelled!   (Or is it misspelt?)  Anyway, I have an old post on -ed versus -t past tenses

† The American list, via Language Log:
America's most misspelled words:

  1. Definitely – 33 500 searches.
  2. Separate – 30 000 searches.
  3. Necessary – 29 000 searches.
  4. Believe – 28 500 searches.
  5. Through – 28 000 searches.
  6. Gorgeous –  27 000 searches.
  7. Neighbor – 25 500 searches.
  8. Business – 24 200 searches.
  9. Favorite – 23 000 searches.
  10. Restaurant – 22 500 searches.
------------------------------------------------------

Postscript (28 Feb): Another study!

Another company's marketing ploy, but a much better analysis of misspelling (though only for children):

    Around 530 million spelling attempts from 936,926 pupils across the country were examined by education platform EdShed to draw their results, determining which words schoolchildren find most tricky. (The Independent)

Their list has only two overlaps with the WordUnscrambler one:

  1. Sketch
  2. Mischievous
  3. February
  4. Couldn't
  5. Mustn't
  6. License
  7. Definitely
  8. Indefinite
  9. Convenience
  10. Preferred

 

Read more

nostalgia for present-day British English

I get various Google Alerts for things related to my interests, and today I got one for a story in The Sun and the Daily Express about the '20 English words the public wants to revive'.

Now, if I want to read these articles, I have to pay or give them my first-born, or something like that, so I'm not rushing to read them. But I've got enough of a gist from the Google Alert (orig. AmE) blurb:

'Flabbergasted' among top 20 classic British phrases the public wants to revive | UK | News Daily Express Essential Words of the Year ... Classic British phrases like flabbergasted, chuffed, and gobsmacked are among the time-honoured words the public would ...

The "research", it seems, has been done in the hallowed halls of the Tesco Mobile marketing department, with the celebrity endorsement of Tom Daley and Gyles Brandreth. (There is a video on the various tabloid websites, again, if you want to allow them to put the devil's cookies in your computer.) 

But it's enough to read that little blurb: flabbergasted, chuffed, and gobsmacked. The "British public" (Tesco Mobile customers?)  wants to "revive" these "classic" words. You know, those moribund words that... wait a minute...

All three of these words seem to be in (BrE) rude health. Have a look at their use in British books. More and more in the 21st century:


   




Calling something that didn't exist before 1980 a "classic" that needs to be "revived" when in reality, it's just reaching its prime is blatant ageism, I say. Gobsmacked, I feel your pain. 

But maybe books are weird. Maybe "real" people don't use these words. Maybe not, but the tabloid newspapers have certainly been reviving them for the past 30 years. Here's what you see if you search for these words in the archives of The Sun (courtesy of Nexis):


Each of those words is used more now than in the 1990s, and each has a peak around 2012. I'm not willing at this moment to dive deep enough into the Sun archives to fully analy{s/z}e that, but could the Olympics have something to do with that? 

Are we the British public really missing these "classic" Britishisms? Or are we just missing feeling good about ourselves?


Read more

US-to-UK Word of the Year 2025: zee

 And the 2025 Separated by a Common Language US-to-UK Word of the Year is (sorta kinda):

zee (but mostly Gen Z)

I must start by assuring you: British people generally do not call the letter zee. Nevertheless, I have reasons for choosing zee this year: 

  1. It is winning (particularly among[st] the people it describes) as the pronunciation of the generation name: Gen Z.
  2. It is a word that comes up when people express worries that British children are "using American words", that perennial clickbait that baited a particularly large number of clicks this year. It started with The Sunday Times commissioning a survey of teachers; the results of that survey were consistently (determinedly) misinterpreted. The Sunday Times article doesn’t mention zee, but it came up often in the interviews I did after it.  If you're interested, here's an episode of Lexis podcast where we talk about the survey (and its problems).
  3. It was also the Americanisms that the YouGov polling organi{s/z}tion chose for the title of its report on Americanism use in Britain in April.

screenshot of YouGov website headline: Zed or Zee? How pervasive are Americanisms in Britons' use of English?
source

The results of that poll are informative:

I describe this graph in the text below.
source

Essentially: the majority of Britons under 50 report using zee in the name Gen Z, with more than 70% of those under 24 (that is, in Gen Z) saying it. The majority of Britons over 50 say they say Gen-Zed. All age groups, however, say that the alphabet letter 'Z' rhymes with bed at rates above 70%. The younger age groups (versus the older) have more people claiming to say the alphabet with an ex-why-zee at the end, but more people say zed for the letter than say zee for the generation. 

That's self-reported data, and self-reports of linguistic behavio(u)rs require corroboration. We can find that corroboration. On YouGlish, you can hear both Gen-Zee and Gen-Zed in British speakers, but it's mostly Gen-Zee, particularly among younger speakers. One of the British speakers (Jessica Kellgren-Fozard) says Gen-Zee most of the time, but does say Gen-Zed at least once in one of her videos—and it wouldn't be surprising if many other speakers are inconsistent in this particular zee/zed. If you search for British people saying zee on Youglish, you'll get mentions of people named Zee and a fair amount of Mock French ("I am zee dev-ille"), but the letter-name is only used in contrast with zed. (Searching for Z in YouGlish gets you people saying zzzzzz, rather than saying the letter name, as far as I've seen.)

My daughter "Grover," has done a little poll of her 17–18-year-old friends, who all say they say Gen-Zee (she certainly does). She also notes that if she flaunts her half-Americanness and says a zee for the letter, her English friends give her a very hard time. 

But check out Generation Z: most of the speakers on YouGlish say this with zed (even younger ones). It seems that the more "formal" and semantically transparent version of the word is treated more as if the Z is the letter of the alphabet. Gen Z seems to be treated as something more opaque—a name. (Grover claims Gen Zed is "hard to say." It does sound a bit more like it might be a past-tense verb.)

The term Generation Z seems to have originated in 1993, and is not marked as American in dictionaries. Gen Z followed in 1996, and is listed as "originally N. American" in the Oxford English Dictionary. Against the evidence we've seen here, the OED lists the zed pronunciation first for BrE:




But, in keeping with the YouGlish evidence, they do not include the zee pronunciation for the full form:



Gen Z, however you pronounce them, were born between 1997 and 2012 (or thereabouts)—so the oldest Gen Zers (or Zoomers, which happens to be the 2025 Russian WotY) were 28 in 2025, and the youngest ones entered their teens. So, they've become increasingly newsworthy and we're hearing Gen Z more. Here is how often Gen Z is used in the British part of the News on the Web corpus:


Those mentions will probably continue to go up as more of the group reaches adulthood. And some of them will be reaching voting age sooner than that.

(Happy Birthday, Grover!)

Related posts:

Read more

UK-to-US Word of the Year 2025: fiddly

The 2025 Separated by a Common Language UK-to-US Word of the Year is:

fiddly 


Someone might have recommended this to me this year—if so, please out yourself in the comments, since I cannot find a pixel trail for a recommender. But I did find it in an email conversation I had with Ben Yagoda in deciding the 2022 WotY, where he said:
     Interesting slate of UK to US candidates, especially “soccer.” Didn’t realize about shrinkflation. Fiddly definitely.

Why did I wait till this year to crown fiddly SbaCL WotY?  Well, in 2022,  fit was having a moment due to Love Island, so I put fiddly aside. Now fiddly's time has come. Just look at it going up in the US part of the News on the Web corpus:

NOW corpus bar chart for fiddly in US news only. There's a peak in 2024 with .24 occurrences per million, but then it goes down into the decimal-point-teens for the next 9 years. Up to .20 in 2024, then a high point .29 in 2025

Ben Yagoda first wrote about it as a Britishism in the US in 2016, after its first peak; then the shine went off it for a few years. Now it's back.  Here are the most recent ten US citations from the NOW corpus:

45	25-12-05 US	macrumors.com				  time, it was left in the hotel room because it's too big and fiddly. # Plus the phone has the instant gratification factor. The family pretty much 46	25-12-09 US	pressherald.com				  patterns. For starters, more than one-third of the items I'd attempted required fiddly stuffing and/or rolling: spring rolls, jelly roll cake, onigiri, stuffed grape 47	25-12-11 US	geeky-gadgets.com				  Pro was a point of contention for many users; it was often described as fiddly and difficult to clean. The Galaxy Buds 4 Pro will revert to the " 48	25-12-13 US	slate.com				  This is not a game, " Jud shouts at Blanc, " not some fiddly mystery with devices and clues " -- a very apt characterization of locked-room puzzles. 49	25-12-14 US	wired.com				  flaps reduce spray, so anyone behind you doesn't suffer. Installation can be fiddly, and it took me at least an hour, so if bike maintenance is 50	25-12-17 US	kotaku.com				  from the console's mouse controls, which will make placing decor a bit less fiddly. And that makes sense, paired with a content update that's largely centered 51	25-12-20 US	slate.com				  # Advertisement Rebel Against Royal Icing # Contemporary Christmas cookie recipes are rife with fiddly frostings and icings, and it's true that these are what make decorative varieties 52	25-12-22 US	androidauthority.com				  needed. In practice, that should make Eden feel a bit cleaner and less fiddly, especially on lower-end or storage-constrained devices. # This update also expands the scope 53	25-12-26 US	slashgear.com				  occupant protection. # It got the next-best grade of' acceptable' for a fiddly LATCH infant seat system and a minor concern about rear passenger restraints, and the 54	25-12-26 US	vogue.com				  ottoman couches as you're breezed through check-in. There's no reception, or fiddly paperwork. Instead, it feels just like you're visiting the holiday residence of

Many things and activities here are fiddly: some kind of electronic device, rolling and stuffing a baked good, cleaning ear buds, a fictional mystery story, installing something on a bike, actions in video games, frostings and icings on Christmas cookies, using an infant car seat, paperwork. It looks like it's being used just as it's used in BrE.

And if you haven't yet figured out what it means, Merriam-Webster's definition goes like this:

chiefly British
requiring close attention to detail fussy
especially requiring an annoying amount of close attention
… the tiny control buttons on the back are fiddly.M. J. McNamara  

As a -y adjective, it's a little odd, since -y is usually added to nouns. Fiddly derives (according to the OED) from the verb fiddle 'To make aimless or frivolous movements' (OED), not the noun. That verb does ultimately come from the noun fiddle, but that's not what's relevant to a suffix that usually attaches to nouns. The suffix wants something that's a noun now, as in cinnamon-y or snowy.  But the OED tells us of -y adjectives:

Later new derivatives tend in a large measure to be colloquial, undignified, or trivial,as bumpydumpyflightyhammylineyloopylumpy,  ungymessyonionytreeyverminyvipery; some are from verbs, as dangly


Fiddly only came into being in the early 20th century, the period of "colloquial, undignified, or trivial" -y adjectives. And indeed the OED marks fiddly as "colloquial". 

I'll be happy to have it in AmE, as it is undeniably useful. The Collins thesaurus offers some synonyms:

     pernickety (=AmE persnickety), tricky, detailed, fine, exacting 

I think tricky would work best for some of the things I call fiddly, but tricky seems to connote a challenge, rather than a hassle. Fiddly is all hassle, dexterity, and attention to detail.

Congratulations, fiddly. You've made it. 


Read more

The book!

View by topic

Abbr.

AmE = American English
BrE = British English
OED = Oxford English Dictionary (online)